Pharmaceutical compositions which inhibit FKBP52-mediated regulation of androgen receptor function and methods of using same

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical compositions that bind to a predicted FK506 Binding Protein 52 (FKBP52) interaction surface on the androgen receptor hormone binding domain, otherwise known as FKBP52 Targeting Agents (FTAs) are provided. These compositions of the present invention are found to specifically recognize the FKBP52 regulatory surface on the androgen receptor and inhibit FKBP52 from functionally interacting with the androgen receptor. Compositions comprising the pharmaceutical composition, as well as methods of use, treatment and screening are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/395,976, filed May 4, 2012, which is a U.S. National Phase ofInternational Patent Application No. PCT/US2010/048705, filed Sep. 14,2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/242,541, filed on Sep. 15, 2009, each of which is incorporated byreference in its entirety herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under Grant Number R01DK078075 awarded by the National institutes of Health. The Governmenthas certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Steroid hormone receptors including androgen receptor (AR),glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and the progesterone receptor (PR) requirethe ordered assembly of various chaperone and cochaperone proteins inorder to reach a functional state. The final stage in the receptormaturation process requires the formation of a multimeric complexconsisting of an Hsp90 dimer, p23, and one of several largeimmunophilins. Previously studies demonstrated that the largeimmunophilin, FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52), acts to potentiate GR,AR, and PR receptor signaling pathways, and FKBP52-mediated regulationof receptor function appears to be localized to the receptor hormonebinding domain. In cellular studies, FKBP52 has been shown topreferentially regulate GR, AR, and PR receptor-mediated signaltransduction. See, for example, Cheung-Flynn, J., et al., Mol.Endocrinol., 19:1654-66 (2005); Riggs, D. L., et al., EMBO J.,22:1158-67 (2003); and Tranguch, S., et al., J. Clin. Invest.,117:1824-34 (2007). Given its receptor specificity, FKBP52 represents anattractive therapeutic target for the treatment of hormone-dependentdiseases.

It has been shown that when certain molecules bind to a previouslydescribed surface region on the AR hormone binding domain called BF3,they can generally inhibit AR function in the 100 μM range. See,Estebanez-Perpina, E., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104:16074-9(2007).

To date, the only known compounds for inhibition of AR function arerelated to selective AR modulators that bind to the hormone bindingpocket, and are therefore competitive inhibitors of endogenous hormonebinding. However, there still exists a need for compounds which areselective AR modulators which are not competitive agonists orantagonists to endogenous hormone binding.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods of use and treatment comprisingthe identified selective AR modulating compounds. In addition, theinvention also provides assays to identify compounds which modulate ARfunction non-competitively, and represent a novel approach to inhibitionof AR function. It is contemplated that these compounds, which inhibitFKBP52 enhanced AR function, are capable of being used in the treatmentof AR, GR or PR related diseases.

In accordance with the present invention, the inventors have discovereda surface region on the AR hormone binding domain that, when mutated,displays a greater dependence on FKBP52 for normal function (FIG. 1).

As such, the present invention provides FKBP52 targeting agents (FTAs),which specifically inhibit FKBP52-enhanced steroid receptor activity.The FTAs of the present invention can specifically modulate steroidreceptor function, including AR, GR, and PR function. Furthermore, thecompounds of the present invention specifically inhibit FKBP52-enhancedAR function without binding the BF3 region of the AR, and are effectiveat concentrations that are less than those effective for AR function inthe absence of FKBP52.

In an embodiment, the FTAs of the present invention include:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or stereoisomers thereof.

In an embodiment, the FTAs of the present invention are useful fortreatment of a variety of hormone related medical conditions whereandrogenic, glucocorticoid and progesterone activity are upregulatedwhen compared to normal levels, and where downregulation of androgenic,glucocorticoid or progesterone activity would provide a therapeuticeffect. It is also understood that FTAs of the present invention areuseful for treatment of a variety of hormone related medical conditionswhere androgenic, glucocorticoid and/or progesterone activity aredownregulated when compared to normal levels, and where upregulation ofandrogenic, glucocorticoid and/or progesterone activity would provide atherapeutic effect.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatmentof prostate cancer in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal,a composition comprising at least one FTA, wherein the compositionincludes a pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable carrier, inan amount effective to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth.

It is also contemplated in an alternative embodiment, that the abovemethod of treating prostate cancer includes administering one or moreadditional chemotherapeutic and/or anti-androgenic agents, such asbicalutamide (Casodex®), nilutamide (Nilandron®) flutamide, finasteride,and ketoconazole.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal, a composition comprising at least one FTA,wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically and physiologicallyacceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibit BPH in the mammal.

In yet another embodiment, the method of treatment of BPH comprisesadministering one or more additional therapeutic agents, includinganti-androgenic agents such as flutamide, and 5-alpha-reductaseinhibitors such as finasteride, and ketoconazole.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatmentof non-insulin dependent diabetes (Type 2), or metabolic syndrome in amammal, comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprisingat least one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceuticallyand physiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to treator diminish the symptoms of non-insulin dependent diabetes or metabolicsyndrome in the mammal.

It is also contemplated that the method of treatment of non-insulindependent diabetes (Type 2) or metabolic syndrome can include, inaddition to at least one FTA, administering an additional therapeuticagent useful in the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes ormetabolic syndrome in a mammal, such as one or more compounds from theclass of compounds including sulfonylureas, metglitinides, biguanides,thiazolidinediones and DPP-4 inhibitors.

It is contemplated in an embodiment, that the present invention providesa method of inhibiting, or otherwise suppressing the fertility of a malemammal, comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprisingat least one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceuticallyand physiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective toinhibit spermatogenesis in the mammal.

It is also an embodiment of the present invention, to provide a methodof inhibiting or otherwise suppressing the fertility of a female mammal,comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprising atleast one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibitpregnancy in the mammal.

In addition to the methods of use of the FTAs provided above, thepresent invention also provides a mammalian model system and method foridentification of novel FTAs. In an embodiment, the system comprisesproviding one or more AR test cells, the test cells comprising murineembryonic fibroblasts derived from FKBP-52 deficient mice (52KO MEFs),the cells being transfected with DNA encoding AR, an AR-responsivereporter plasmid, a constitutive lac Z reporter; and the FKBP52 protein,and providing one or more control cells, the control cells alsocomprising 52KO MEFs and being transfected with DNA encoding AR, anAR-responsive reporter plasmid, a constitutive lac Z reporter, and anempty vector, contacting the test and control cells with a test agent,followed by contacting the test and control cells with a AR agonist,incubating the cells for a period of time, and measuring the amount ofAR-responsive reporter expression in the test and control cells todetermine whether the test agent inhibited AR-responsive reporterexpression in the test cells, when compared to the amount ofAR-responsive reporter expression in the control cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a depiction of the 3-dimensional structure of the AR hormonebinding domain on which the predicted FKBP52 regulatory surface isdelineated by a series of residues (1A), and the results of ayeast-based AR-mediated β-galactosidase reporter assay in the presenceof wild-type or mutant AR, with or without a FKBP52 expression vector(1B) demonstrating increased FKBP52-dependence when the predicted FKBP52regulatory surface is mutated.

FIG. 2 is an illustration showing the compound designated Compound 1.

FIG. 3 depicts the structures of three additional compounds which werefound to be positive for inhibition of FKBP52-enhanced AR function.

FIG. 4 depicts inhibition curves for the four compounds that wereselected in the initial SAR analysis, and later tested in vitro.

FIG. 5 shows inhibition of FKBP52-enhanced AR function with Compound 1is consistent from yeast to mammalian cells. FIG. 5A shows data from anexperiment using cells from a FKBP52 knock-out mouse embryonicfibroblast cell line (52KO MEF) transfected with AR, an AR-responsivereporter plasmid, a constitutive lac Z reporter plasmid, and whichincludes either an empty vector, or a vector with the FKBP52 gene, thatwere treated for 1 hour with the indicated concentrations of compound 2followed treatment with hormone (di-hydroxy testosterone, DHT) for 16hours prior to lysis and luciferase assay. FIG. 5B is a bar graphshowing data from an experiment where 52KO MEF cells were treated at 50%confluency with a range of concentrations of Compound 2, and cellnumbers were counted by trypan blue exclusion after 24 hours. FIG. 5Cdepicts Western blots on the same cell lysates from FIG. 5B, withcompound 2 concentrations starting at 0, and increasing from about 0.1,1, 10, to 100 μM.

FIG. 6 illustrates RT-PCR analysis of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)mRNA and protein levels in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Cellswere treated with concentrations of Compound 2 ranging from about 0-100μM, for 24 h (for mRNA), or for 48 h (protein). Data are expressed as afraction of the value in untreated cells.

FIG. 7 illustrates measurement of AR nuclear translocation.Quantification of AR in nucleus and cytosol was performed by Westernblotting with an AR-specific antibody following polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. Appearance of AR in the nuclear fraction followingR1881, represents ligand-dependent nuclear translocation of AR, which issignificantly prevented by pre-treatment with the FTA (Compound 2).

FIG. 8 is a graph of data from a scintillation proximity binding assay.The sigmoid curve shows the dose dependant binding of labeled DHT to theAR binding site. The flat curves to the right are the differentconcentrations of the claimed FTAs (compounds 1-3), as well as two othercompounds tested (Compounds 10 and 18). The graph shows that none of theFTA compounds competitively inhibited DHT binding.

FIGS. 9A and 9B provide graphs of data from fluorescence polarizationexperiments. In FIG. 9A, fluorescently labeled SRC2-3 mimicking peptidewas added as a probe to monitor interactions between FKBP52 and AR. Thesquared dark green dots are controls of two concentrations of unlabeledpeptide showing a drop in the fluorescence polarization (mP) value whena displacement of the probe occurs. When SRC2-3 was tested the claimedFTAs (Compounds 1-3), as well as two other compounds tested (Compounds10 and 18), did not show any competition for the FKBP52 binding site(curves are flat). In FIG. 9B, total fluorescence intensity is measuredsimultaneously as FP, to insure that no interference coming from thetest compound itself is occurring in the assay. As we see, there is nochange in total fluorescence detected for each FTA tested (same as in9A), and there is no fluorescence interference, which confirms that mPvalues of FIG. 9A are valid. The legends for FIGS. 9A and 9B are thesame as in FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, the present invention provides FTAs which specificallyinhibit FKBP52-enhanced steroid receptor activity. The FTAs of thepresent invention can specifically modulate steroid receptor function,including AR, GR, and PR function.

In an embodiment, the FTAs of the present invention include:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates or stereoisomersthereof.

The FTAs of the present invention are useful for treatment of a varietyof hormone related conditions where androgenic, glucocorticoid and/orprogesterone activity are upregulated compared to normal levels, anddownregulation of androgenic, glucocorticoid and/or progesteroneactivity would provide therapeutic effects. It is also understood thatFTAs of the present invention are useful for treatment of a variety ofhormone related medical conditions where androgenic, glucocorticoidand/or progesterone activity are downregulated when compared to normallevels, and where upregulation of androgenic, glucocorticoid and/orprogesterone activity would provide a therapeutic effect.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatmentof prostate cancer in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal,a composition comprising at least one FTA, wherein the compositionincludes a pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable carrier, inan amount effective to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth.

It is also contemplated in an alternative embodiment, that the abovemethod of treating prostate cancer includes administering one or moreadditional chemotherapeutic and/or anti-androgenic agents. For example,in an embodiment, treatment of prostate cancer in a mammal wouldcomprise administering a composition comprising a FTA along with anotheranti-androgenic compound, such as bicalutamide (Casodex®), nilutamide(Nilandron®) flutamide, finasteride, and ketoconazole.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal, a composition comprising at least one FTA,wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically and physiologicallyacceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibit BPH in the mammal.

In yet another embodiment, the method of treatment of BPH includesadministering one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride or ketoconazole.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method oftreatment of insulin independent diabetes or metabolic syndrome in amammal, comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprisingat least one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceuticallyand physiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to treator diminish the symptoms of non-insulin dependent diabetes or metabolicsyndrome in a mammal.

It is also contemplated that the method of treatment of non-insulindependent diabetes or metabolic syndrome can include, in addition to acomposition comprising at least one FTA, administering an additionaltherapeutic agent useful in the treatment of non-insulin dependentdiabetes or metabolic syndrome in a mammal, such as one or more from theclass of compounds including sulfonylureas, metglitinides, biguanides,thiazolidinediones and DPP-4 inhibitors. Examples of such compoundsinclude metformin, glibenclamide, gliclazide, acarbose, rosiglitazoneand pioglitazone.

It is contemplated in an embodiment, that the present invention providesa method of inhibiting or otherwise suppressing the fertility of a malemammal, comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprisingat least one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceuticallyand physiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective toinhibit spermatogenesis in a male mammal.

It is also an embodiment of the present invention to provide a method ofinhibiting or otherwise suppressing the fertility of a female mammal,comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprising atleast one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibitpregnancy in a female mammal.

It is also contemplated that the present invention can be used as amedicament for a range of disease conditions. Therefore, in anembodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical compositionselected from the group consisting of:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates or stereoisomersthereof, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable carrier, for use in an amount effective foruse in a medicament, and most preferably for use as a medicament fortreating one of a range of conditions, including, for example, prostatecancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), insulin independentdiabetes, or for use as a medicament for diminishment of the fertilityof a male mammal, or for diminishment of the fertility of a femalemammal.

With regard to the use of a medicament of the present invention fortreatment of prostate cancer in a mammal, in an embodiment, the presentinvention would comprise administering a composition comprising a FTAalong with another anti-androgenic compound, such as bicalutamide(Casodex®), nilutamide (Nilandron®) flutamide, finasteride, andketoconazole.

Regarding the use of a medicament of the present invention for treatmentof BPH in a mammal, in an embodiment, the present invention wouldcomprise administering one or more additional therapeutic agents, suchas 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride or ketoconazole.

With regard to the use of a medicament of the present invention fortreatment of insulin dependent diabetes in a mammal, in an embodiment,the present invention would comprise administering a compositioncomprising a FTA along with an additional therapeutic agent useful inthe treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes, or metabolic syndrome,in a mammal, such as one or more compounds from the class of compoundsincluding sulfonylureas, metglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinedionesand DPP-4 inhibitors. Examples of such compounds include metformin,glibenclamide, gliclazide, acarbose, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.

In addition to the methods of use of the FTAs provided above, thepresent invention also provides a mammalian model system and a method ofusing the model system to identify possible FTA compounds. In anembodiment, the method comprises providing one or more AR test cells,the test cells comprising 52KO MEF cells, the cells being transfectedwith DNA encoding AR, an AR-responsive reporter plasmid, a constitutivelac Z reporter, and the FKBP52 protein. The method also provides one ormore control cells, wherein the control cells comprise 52KO MEF cells,and the cells are transfected with DNA encoding AR, an AR-responsivereporter plasmid, a constitutive lac Z reporter, and an empty vector.The test and control cells are contacted with a test compound, followedby contacting the test and control cells with a AR agonist, incubatingthe cells for a period of time, and measuring the amount ofAR-responsive reporter expression in the test and control cells, inorder to determine whether the test compound inhibited AR-responsivereporter expression in the test cells when compared to the amount ofAR-responsive reporter expression in the control cells.

The inventors have surprisingly found that certain compounds heretoforehaving no known pharmacological activity are capable of inhibition ofFKBP52-enhanced steroid receptor activity.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention comprises the FTAs of the present invention together with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of the pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers include soluble carriers such as known buffers whichcan be physiologically acceptable (e.g., phosphate buffer) as well assolid compositions such as solid-state carriers or latex beads.

It is also contemplated that the present invention further includes FTAderivatives. In one embodiment, the term “derivative” includes, but isnot limited to, ether derivatives, acid derivatives, amide derivatives,ester derivatives and the like. Methods of preparing these derivativesare known to a person skilled in the art. For example, ether derivativesare prepared by the coupling of the corresponding alcohols. Amide andester derivatives are prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid bya reaction with amines and alcohols, respectively.

In addition, this invention further includes hydrates of the FTAcompounds. The term “hydrate” includes but is not limited tohemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate and the like. Hydratesof the FTA compounds may be prepared by contacting the FTA with waterunder suitable conditions to produce the hydrate of choice.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a metabolite of the FTAcompounds. In one embodiment, the term “metabolite” refers to anysubstance produced from another substance by metabolism or a through ametabolic process of a living cell or organ.

This invention further includes a process for preparing pharmaceuticalproducts comprising the FTA compounds. The term “pharmaceutical product”means a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use (pharmaceuticalcomposition), as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions formulatedfor particular applications comprising the FTAs of this invention arealso part of this invention, and are to be considered an embodimentthereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are suitablyused as therapeutic agents for cancer, including hormone relatedcancers, such as prostate cancer. According to another embodiment of thepresent invention, a method is provided for treating prostate cancer ina subject, comprising administering to the subject, a FTA of the presentinvention and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite,pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, orN-oxide, or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treatprostate cancer in the subject.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method isprovided for delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subjectsuffering from prostate cancer, comprising administering to the subject,a FTA of the present invention and/or its analog, derivative, isomer,metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product,hydrate, or N-oxide, or any combination thereof in an amount effectiveto delay or stop the progression of prostate cancer in the subject.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method isprovided for administering the FTA compounds of the present invention toan FKBP52 modulated androgen receptor, by contacting the AR with a FTAcompound and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite,pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, orN-oxide, or any combination thereof, under conditions effective to causethe selective FTA to bind the FKBP52 modulated AR. The binding of theselective FTAs to the FKBP52 modulated AR can either enhance or inhibitthe AR-hormone mediated cellular effect, depending on the FTA. Forexample, the addition of FTAs of the present invention inhibit theAR-hormone mediated effects and as such, the compounds of the presentinvention are useful as a male contraceptive and in a number of hormonetherapies.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided forsuppressing spermatogenesis in a subject, administering to the subject,a composition comprising a FTA of the present invention and/or itsanalog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, or any combinationthereof, in an amount effective to bind the FTA to the FKBP52 proteinmodulating the androgen receptor and suppress spermatogenesis.

It is also an embodiment of the present invention, to provide a methodof inhibiting or otherwise suppressing the fertility of a female mammal,comprising administering to the mammal, a composition comprising atleast one FTA, wherein the composition includes a pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibitpregnancy in the mammal.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant enlargement of theprostate gland, and is the most common non-malignant proliferativeabnormality found in any internal organ, and the major cause ofmorbidity in the adult male. BPH occurs in over 75% of men over 50 yearsof age, reaching 88% prevalence by the ninth decade. BPH frequentlyresults in a gradual squeezing of the portion of the urethra whichtraverses the prostate (prostatic urethra). This causes patients toexperience a frequent urge to urinate because of incomplete emptying ofthe bladder and urgency of urination. The obstruction of urinary flowcan also lead to a general lack of control over urination, includingdifficulty initiating urination when desired, as well as difficulty inpreventing urinary flow because of the inability to empty urine from thebladder, a condition known as overflow urinary incontinence, which canlead to urinary obstruction and to urinary failure.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treatmentof BPH in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal, a compositioncomprising at least one FTA, wherein the composition includes apharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable carrier, in an amounteffective to inhibit BPH in the mammal.

In yet another embodiment, the above method of treatment of BPH includesadministering to a subject, one or more additional therapeutic agents,such as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in combination with a FTA. In oneembodiment, the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor is MK-906, a product ofMerck, Sharp & Dohme (McConnell et al., J. Urol. 141:239A (1989)). Inanother embodiment, the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor is17-β-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-α-androstan-3-one (4-MA)(Brooks et al., Endocrinology 109:830-836, (1981); Liang et al.,Endocrinology 112:1460-1468 (1983)). In another embodiment, the5-alpha-reductase inhibitor is a 4-azasteroid, which can be formed as inLiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259:734-739, (1984); and in Brooks et al.,Steroids 47:1-19, (1986)). In another embodiment, the 5-alpha-reductaseinhibitor is a 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, for example, asdescribed (Petrow et al., J. Endocrinol. 95:311-313 (1982)). In yetanother embodiment, the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor is a4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-pregnane-30(s) carboxylate (Kadohama et al., J.Natl. Cancer Inst. 74:475-486 (1985)).

In an embodiment, the FTAs of the present invention can also be combinedwith other testosterone decreasing compounds such as LH-RH agonists, forexample. Drugs in this class include leuprolide (Lupron®, Viadur®) andgoserelin (Zoladex®) for treatment of BPH and prostate cancer.

It has been recently shown that embryo implantation in the uterus is acritical step in mammalian reproduction, requiring preparation of theuterus in order to be receptive to blastocyst implantation. Uterinereceptivity, also known as the window of implantation, lasts for alimited period of time, and it is during this period that blastocystsnormally implant. The ovarian steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone(P₄) are the primary regulators of this process. The immunophilin FKBP52serves as a cochaperone for steroid hormone nuclear receptors to governappropriate hormone action in target tissues. See, Tranguch, S., et al.,Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 102(40):14326-14331 (2005). It was found thatfemales missing the FKBP52 gene have complete implantation failure dueto lack of attainment of uterine receptivity. The overlapping uterineexpression of FKBP52 with nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) inwild-type mice together with reduced P₄ binding to PR, attenuated PRtranscriptional activity and down-regulation of several P₄-regulatedgenes in uteri of FKBP52^(−/−) mice, establishes this cochaperone as apotential regulator of uterine P₄ function.

As defined herein, in one or more embodiments, “contacting” means thatthe FTA of the present invention is introduced into a sample containingthe AR, and/or FKBP52 and appropriate enzymes or reagents, in a testtube, flask, tissue culture, chip, array, plate, microplate, capillary,or the like, and incubated at a temperature and time sufficient topermit binding of the FTA to the FKBP52 protein or the FKBP52-ARcomplex. Methods for contacting the samples with the FTA, or otherspecific binding components are known to those skilled in the art, andmay be selected depending on the type of assay protocol to be run.Incubation methods are also standard and are known to those skilled inthe art.

In another embodiment, the term “contacting” means that the FTAcompounds of the present invention are introduced into a subjectreceiving treatment, and the FTAs are allowed to come in contact withthe FKBP52-AR complex in vivo.

As used herein, the term “treating” includes preventative as well asdisorder remitative treatment. The terms “reducing”, “suppressing” and“inhibiting” have their commonly understood meaning of lessening ordecreasing. In addition, as used herein, the term “progression” meansincreasing in scope or severity, advancing, growing or becoming worse.Also, the term “recurrence” means the return of a disease after aremission.

In the present invention, in one embodiment, a suitable pharmaceuticalcomposition is one in which the FTA of the present invention is anchoredon a liposome and which can also contain a toxin, an anti-cancer drug orthe like. The liposome used for anchoring the FTA may be composed of alipid bilayer. Alternatively, the liposome used may be composed of amultiple lipid layers or composed of a single lipid layer. Examples ofthe constituents of the liposome include phosphatidyl choline,cholesterol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and further includephosphatidic acid as a substance for imparting the liposome withelectric charge. The ratio of those constituents is, for example, 0.3 to1 mole, preferably 0.4 to 0.6 mole of cholesterol, 0.01 to 0.2 mole,preferably 0.02 to 0.1 mole of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and about 0 to0.4 mole, preferably about 0 to 0.15 mole of phosphatidic acid per 1mole of phosphatidylcholine.

The methods of producing the liposome may be by any known conventionalmethods. For instance, they can be produced using a method in which amixture of the lipids, from which a solvent has been removed, isemulsified by a homogenizer or the like, and then subjected tofreeze-thawing to obtain a multilamellar liposome, followed byadjustment of pore size of the liposome appropriately byultrasonication, high-speed homogenization, or pressure filtrationthrough a membrane having uniform-size pores (Biochimica et BiophysicaActa., 812:793-801 (1985)). In an embodiment, it is contemplated thatthe liposomes have a particle size of about 30 to about 200 nm.

In an embodiment, examples of the pharmaceutical agents to beencapsulated in the liposome in addition to the FTAs include:carcinostatic agents such as adriamycin, daunomycin, mitomycin,cisplatin, vincristine, epirubicin, methotrexate, 5-Fu (5-fluorouracil)and aclacinomycin; toxins such as ricin A and diphtheria toxin; andantisense RNA. Encapsulation of the FTA into the liposome may beaccomplished by hydration of the lipids with an aqueous solution of theagent. In addition, adriamycin, daunomycin and epirubicin may beencapsulated into the liposome by a remote-loading method using a pHgradient (Cancer Res., 49:5922-30 (1989)).

It is also contemplated that carcinostatic or anticancer agents can becombined with the FTAs of the present invention without the use ofliposome carriers as well.

In one embodiment, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.With respect to pharmaceutical compositions, the carrier can be any ofthose conventionally used, and is limited only by physico-chemicalconsiderations, such as solubility and lack of reactivity with theactive compound(s), and by the route of administration. Thepharmaceutically acceptable carriers described herein, for example,vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, and diluents, are well-known to thoseskilled in the art and are readily available to the public. It ispreferred that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier be one which ischemically inert to the active agent(s), and one which has little or nodetrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use.

The carriers or diluents used herein may be solid carriers or diluentsfor solid formulations, liquid carriers or diluents for liquidformulations, or mixtures thereof.

Solid carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, gums,starches (e.g. corn starch, pregelatinized starch), sugars (e.g.,lactose, mannitol, sucrose, dextrose), cellulosic materials (e.g.,microcrystalline cellulose), acrylates (e.g., polymethylacrylate),calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, or mixtures thereof.

For liquid formulations, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may beaqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions or oils.Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueouscarriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, cyclodextrins,emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.

Examples of oils are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or syntheticorigin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, olive oil,sunflower oil, fish-liver oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil,olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use inparenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearicacid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitablefatty acid esters.

Parenteral vehicles (for subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, orintramuscular injection) include sodium chloride solution, Ringer'sdextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixedoils. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration includeaqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which cancontain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that renderthe formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, andaqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspendingagents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.

Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers,electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, andthe like. Examples are sterile liquids such as water and oils, with orwithout the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceuticallyacceptable adjuvants. In general, water, saline, aqueous dextrose andrelated sugar solutions, and glycols such as propylene glycols orpolyethylene glycol are preferred liquid carriers, particularly forinjectable solutions.

In addition, in an embodiment, the FTA compositions may further comprisebinders (e.g., acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, carbomer, ethyl cellulose,guar gum, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,povidone), disintegrating agents (e.g., cornstarch, potato starch,alginic acid, silicon dioxide, croscarmelose sodium, crospovidone, guargum, sodium starch glycolate), buffers (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate,phosphate) of various pH and ionic strength, additives such as albuminor gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acid salts), protease inhibitors,surfactants (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate), permeation enhancers,solubilizing agents (e.g., cremophor, glycerol, polyethylene glycerol,benzlkonium chloride, benzyl benzoate, cyclodextrins, sorbitan esters,stearic acids), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodiummetabisulfite, butylated hydroxyanisole), stabilizers (e.g.,hydroxypropyl cellulose, hyroxypropylmethyl cellulose), viscosityincreasing agents (e.g., carbomer, colloidal silicon dioxide, ethylcellulose, guar gum), sweetners (e.g., aspartame, citric acid),preservatives (e.g., thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), lubricants(e.g., stearic acid, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, sodiumlauryl sulfate), flow-aids (e.g., colloidal silicon dioxide),plasticizers (e.g., diethyl phthalate, triethyl citrate), emulsifiers(e.g., carbomer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate),polymer coatings (e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines), coating and filmforming agents (e.g., ethyl cellulose, acrylates, polymethacrylates),and/or adjuvants.

The choice of carrier will be determined, in part, by the particularFTA, as well as by the particular method used to administer the FTA.Accordingly, there are a variety of suitable formulations of thepharmaceutical composition of the invention. The following formulationsfor parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial,intrathecal, and interperitoneal administration are exemplary and are inno way limiting. More than one route can be used to administer the FTA,and in certain instances, a particular route can provide a moreimmediate and more effective response than another route.

Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkalimetal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts, and suitable detergentsinclude (a) cationic detergents such as, for example, dimethyl dialkylammonium halides, and alkyl pyridinium halides, (b) anionic detergentssuch as, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin,ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionicdetergents such as, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acidalkanolamides, and polyoxyethylenepolypropylene copolymers, (d)amphoteric detergents such as, for example, alkyl-β-aminopropionates,and 2-alkyl-imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixturesthereof.

The parenteral formulations will typically contain from about 0.5% toabout 25% by weight of the FTAs in solution. Preservatives and buffersmay be used. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site ofinjection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionicsurfactants, for example, having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) offrom about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in suchformulations will typically range from about 5% to about 15% by weight.Suitable surfactants include polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acidesters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weightadducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by thecondensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.

The parenteral formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dosesealed containers, such as ampoules and vials, and can be stored in afreeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of thesterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections,immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions andsuspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.

Injectable formulations are in accordance with the invention. Therequirements for effective pharmaceutical carriers for injectablecompositions are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see,e.g., Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B. Lippincott Company,Philadelphia, Pa., Banker and Chalmers, eds., pages 238-250 (1982), andASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel, 4th ed., pages 622-630(1986)).

For purposes of the invention, the amount or dose of the FTAadministered should be sufficient to effect, e.g., a therapeutic orprophylactic response, in the subject over a reasonable time frame. Thedose will be determined by the efficacy of the particular FTA and thecondition of a human, as well as the body weight of a human to betreated.

The dose of the FTA also will be determined by the existence, nature andextent of any adverse side effects that might accompany theadministration of a particular FTA. Typically, an attending physicianwill decide the dosage of the FTA with which to treat each individualpatient, taking into consideration a variety of factors, such as age,body weight, general health, diet, sex, FTA to be administered, route ofadministration, and the severity of the condition being treated. By wayof example, and not intending to limit the invention, the dose of theFTA can be about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight of the subjectbeing treated/day, from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg body weight/day,about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg/kg body weight/day.

Alternatively, the FTA can be modified into a depot form, such that themanner in which the FTA is released into the body to which it isadministered is controlled with respect to time and location within thebody (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,150). Depot forms of FTA canbe, for example, an implantable composition comprising the FTA and aporous or non-porous material, such as a polymer, wherein the FTA isencapsulated by or diffused throughout the material and/or degradationof the non-porous material. The depot is then implanted into the desiredlocation within the body and the FTAs are released from the implant at apredetermined rate.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein arecontrolled release compositions, i.e., compositions in which the FTA isreleased over a period of time after administration. Controlled orsustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots(e.g., fatty acids, waxes, oils). In another embodiment the compositionis an immediate release composition, i.e., a composition in which all ofthe FTA is released immediately after administration.

In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can bedelivered in a controlled release system. For example, the agent may beadministered using intravenous infusion, an implantable osmotic pump, atransdermal patch, or other modes of administration. In an embodiment, apump may be used (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, CRCCrit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14:201-401 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery88:507-516 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574-576 (1989).In one embodiment, polymeric materials can be used. In yet anotherembodiment, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity tothe therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fractionof the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications ofControlled Release, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlledrelease systems are discussed in the review by Langer, supra.

The compositions of the present invention may also include incorporationof the active material into or onto particulate preparations ofpolymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polglycolic acid,hydrogels, etc, or onto liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellaror multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts). Suchcompositions will influence the physical state, solubility, stability,rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance.

Also contemplated in the present invention are FTAs modified by thecovalent attachment of water-soluble polymers such as polyethyleneglycol, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol,carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyproline. The modified compounds are known toexhibit substantially longer half-lives in blood following intravenousinjection, than do the corresponding unmodified compounds. Suchmodifications may also increase the FTA's solubility in aqueoussolution, eliminate aggregation, enhance the physical and chemicalstability of the compound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity andreactivity of the compound. As a result, the desired in vivo biologicalactivity may be achieved by the administration of such polymer-compoundabducts less frequently or in lower doses than with the unmodifiedcompound.

The preparation of pharmaceutical compositions which contain the FTA asan active component is well understood in the art, for example bymixing, granulating, or tablet-forming processes. In an embodiment, theFTA ingredient is mixed with excipients which are pharmaceuticallyacceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. For oraladministration, the FTAs or their physiologically tolerated derivativessuch as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are mixed with additivescustomary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inertdiluents, and converted by customary methods into suitable forms foradministration, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard or soft gelatincapsules, aqueous, alcoholic or oily solutions. For parenteraladministration, the FTAs or their physiologically tolerated derivatives,such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are converted into asolution, suspension or emulsion, if desired, with the substancescustomary and suitable for this purpose, for example, solubilizers.

Salts formed from the free carboxyl groups can also be derived frominorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium,calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine,trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.

For use in medicines, the salts of the FTAs will be pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparationof the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of thecompounds of the present invention include acid addition salts whichmay, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compoundaccording to the invention with a solution of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid, such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid,methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, aceticacid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonicacid or phosphoric acid.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Yeast AR-Mediated Reporter Assay

To investigate FTA inhibitory activity, a modified yeast-based assay wascreated to screen an in-house compound library. The receptor-mediatedβ-galactosidase assays were initially based on published methods ((RiggsD L, et al., EMBO J., 22:1158-67 (2003); Cox M B, et al., Toxicol. Lett.129:13-21 (2002) and Balsiger, H. A., and Cox, M. B., in Methods inMolecular Biology: The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily, vol. 505. Edited byI. J. McEwan. The Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. (2008)), however, the assaymethods were modified substantially to allow use of a 96-well plateformat. All cDNAs for the FKBP proteins were obtained from thelaboratory of David Smith at the Mayo Clinic, Ariz. The AR-P723S mutantwas originally described previously (Cheung-Flynn, J. et al. (2005)).

All receptors and FKBP proteins were expressed from a set of yeastexpression vectors that are commercially available (Mumberg, D., et al.,Gene 156: 119-122 (1995)). Four yeast strains were prepared as shown inthe table below.

TABLE 1 Name (Strain number) receptor Immunophilin AR-723 + V (DSY1479)AR-P723S Empty vector AR-723 + 51 (DSY1481) AR-P723S FKBP51 AR-723 + 52(DSY1483) AR-P723S FKBP52 AR + V (DSY1496) AR (wild-type) Empty vector

The DSY numbers in the table above are internal reference numbers forcataloguing purposes. The assay is designed to study the effect of thetest compounds on AR activiation. The DHT concentration used for theβ-galactosidase assays in liquid culture were optimized in order tomaximize the difference between cells carrying an empty vector (controlstrain) versus cells carrying an FKBP52 expression vector (testerstrain) and typically range from about 1 to 10 nM, depending upon thestrain of yeast and plasmids used.

The standard hormone signaling “tube assay” requires that 5 ml culturesbe cultivated in 50 ml conical tubes and monitored for growth andβ-galactosidase activity during the 2 hour time course of induction. Theuse of an AR mutant that is hyper-responsive to FKBP52 makes this endpoint using a 96-well plate method feasible.

FKBP52 strongly potentiates GR and AR signaling (about 5- to 10-fold).In these yeast strains, the immunophilins are expressed from the strong,constitutive GDP promoter on a 2 micron plasmid (about 20 copies percell), using a plasmid-encoded HIS3 gene as a selectable marker tomaintain the plasmid. A yeast vector containing a 2 micron origin ofreplication is considered by those of skill in the art to be a high copynumber plasmid that can be present at up to 20 plasmid copies per cell,as opposed to the low copy number CEN plasmids that replicate at up to 4copies per cell. The use of a GPD promoter and 2 micron origin ofreplication maximizes expression levels in the assay. In the yeastsystem using the tube assay, it was found that the AR-P723S receptorrequires much higher levels of DHT than the wild-type receptor tofunction. However, FKBP52 rescues the function of AR-P723S to the levelof the wild-type receptor (data not shown). The net result is thatstrains containing FKBP52 have up to 50-fold higher levels of ARtransactivation at limiting concentrations of DHT compared to strainslacking FKBP52. These receptors are expressed from the GPD promoter on a2 micron, TRP 1-marked plasmid.

All of the strains contain the β-gal reporter gene controlled by a weak,HRE-dependent CYC1 promoter. This is also a 2 micron plasmid, but itcarrys the URA3 gene. This reporter can be activated by both GR and AR.Thus this reporter was used in all of the SAR assays described herein.

The yeast host strain used to make these four strains, W303, has his3,trp1 and ura3 mutations, so that growth on media lacking tryptophan,histidine and uracil requires the presence of all three plasmids. TheURA3-marked steroid receptor-mediated β-galactosidase reporter plasmid(pUCΔss-26X) was the gift of Dr. Brian Freeman, University of Illinois.The pleiotropic drug resistance 5 (PDR5) gene was deleted in thisstrain, because PDR5 is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that couldpotentially transport the test compounds out of the cells, therebyhindering their identification. By deleting PDR5, this potential problemis avoided. The tester strain contains a LEU2-marked human AR-P723Sexpression plasmid, and a TRP 1-marked human FKBP52 expression plasmid.The AR-P723S mutant has a proline replaced by a serine at amino acid723, and is hypersensitive to FKBP52 potentiation thereby enhancing thesensitivity of the assay. The control strain contains a LEU2-marked wildtype human AR expression plasmid alone. The use of this strain controlsfor specificity and general toxicity, including effects on growth,transcription, translation and protein stability.

The strains were cultivated overnight using a shaking incubator inSC-HUW medium (synthetic complete medium lacking histidine, uracil andtryptophan). The next morning the cultures were diluted back to anoptical density (OD) of 0.05 units with warm medium. One hundredmicroliters of culture medium was added to the wells containing 10 μl ofhormone. The 96 well plates were incubated at 30° C. for two hours, then100 μl of chemiluminescent Gal-screen assay reagent (AppliedBiosystems-Tropix) was added to each well. This reagent contains then-gal substrate in a lysis buffer suitable for yeast. About one hourlater, the plate was read in a luminometer. The measured RLU (relativelight units) was normalized to the cell density of the cultures, at thetime they were added to the plates, to give a measure of RLU/OD unit.This procedure corrects for minor differences in cell density betweenthe strains. For simplicity, the RLU/ODU was divided by 1000 so that thesignaling values range up to 10 units.

The FTA compounds tested were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) asthe vehicle, and Applicants have found that the yeast in this assay cantolerate up to 5% DMSO without significant effects on the assay results.Thus, care is taken not to exceed the 5% DMSO limit. The protocol wasmodified to test for drug sensitivity by adding aliquots of culture towells containing the serially diluted drug (in growth medium), and after30 min incubation at 30° C. the hormone was added.

From the previous experiments, it was determined that 50 nM DHT wouldprovide both a strong signal and significant FKBP52 potentiation (datanot shown). The SAR assays were performed in a similar manner as thelibrary screening assays except the FTA compounds to be tested werepurchased and tested at a range of concentrations. In addition, thecompounds were tested for effects on wild type AR and also GR. Becausethe inventors were only interested in compounds that displayFKBP52-specific inhibition, the data were normalized for each receptorto the vector alone control strain, and the normalized data for eachcompound were plotted on the same graph with all three receptors.

The inventors began testing compounds in the assay by starting with astandard concentration of about 50 μM for all compounds tested. Afterany “hits”, a second round of assays were performed which involved atitration of test compound to establish the IC₅₀. An AR specific hormone(10 nM DHT) is added 30 minutes after compound addition, but it can beadded any time from about 30 minutes to 2 hours later. At about 2-4hours later, preferably about 2.5 hours later, about 100 μl of TropixGal-Screen® reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is addedto each well. The plates are incubated for approximately another 1-3hours, preferable about 1 hour and 30 minutes, and the light emission ismeasured on a microplate luminometer (Luminoskan Ascent, ThermoLabsystems). Thus, in these examples, 96 compounds can be screened ontwo plates (tester and control) in only 4 hours. Those compounds whichinhibited FKBP52-enhanced receptor function but did not affect ARfunction alone were further analyzed.

The result of the initial high-throughput screen was the identificationof a compound (Compound 1) which inhibits FKBP52-enhanced AR function,but does not affect AR function alone in yeast (FIG. 2).

Example 2 Characterization of the FKBP52 Inhibition in a Mammalian ModelSystem

To further characterize the compounds of interest selected from theyeast library assay, the inventors created a mammalian model system,comprising a receptor-mediated luciferase reporter assay, using in amurine embryonic fibroblast cell line (MEF) which has the gene forFKBP52 knocked out (52KO MEFs). The system was created to assess theeffects of the inhibitors on FKBP52 regulation of receptor function(Tranguch S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102:14326-14331(2005)). To control for specificity and general toxicity, the inventorsassessed the effects of the inhibitors on receptor function in theabsence of FKBP52. Dose response curves were prepared to determine thehalf maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) for the compounds tested.The half maximal lethal dose (LD₅₀) was also determined for all celltypes used in these studies. The LD₅₀ was determined by performing doseresponse curves in which the measure of toxicity will be cell death (viatrypan blue exclusion).

The 52KO MEF cells provide a true FKBP52 negative background in which totest the FKBP-specific effects of FTAs and they are amenable totransfection. Additionally, FKBP51 protein levels in the 52KO MEF cellsare nearly undetectable. Thus, the AR mutants identified above aresubcloned into a mammalian expression vector and transfected into the52KO MEFs, along with the various immunophilins, and assayed forhormone-induced expression of a luciferase reporter gene.

The 52KO MEF cells used to characterize inhibitor effects in mammaliancells were obtained from Dr. David Smith at the Mayo Clinic, and havebeen previously characterized. See Cheung-Flynn, J, et al., Mol.Endocrinol., 19(6):1654-66 (2005).

Example 3 Luciferase Assays and Western Immunoblots in 52KO MEFs

In order to identify further compounds with AR inhibitory activity andAR selectivity, a structure-activity analysis was performed on Compound1, which resulted in the identification of additional compounds thatrepresented structural modifications. These compounds were then assayedto test structure-activity relationships (SAR), and as a result, threeother compounds were identified and selected for further study as shownin FIG. 3.

All of the compounds tested in the initial SAR analysis are commerciallyavailable, and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (3050 Spruce St. St.Louis, Mo. 63103), with the exception of Compound 4, which was providedby Dr. Leonard Neckers. Compounds 2 and 3 are not included in theregular Sigma-Aldrich catalogue, but can be purchased through Sigma'srare chemicals library.

In an embodiment, 52KO MEFs were cultured at 5% CO₂ in MEM medium,supplemented with 10% FBS and essential amino acids. Plasmidtransfections were performed in 6-well plates at approximately 80%confluence for about three hours, using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen,Carlsbad, Calif.), at a DNA (βg):Lipofectamine (μl) ratio of 1:3, in MEMwithout FBS. To control for expression and protein stability, the cellsare lysed around 48 hours after transfection in M-PER (Pierce, Rockford,Ill.) and Western immunoblots were then performed using standardprocedures, and were immunostained for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH) (6C5; Biodesign International, Saco, Minn.) as aloading control.

For the FKBP52AR activity assays, 52KO MEFs are transfected with thefollowing plasmids (1 μg each plasmid/well): a hormone-responsivefirefly luciferase reporter, a mammalian expression vector (pCI-neo;Promega, Madison, Wis.) constitutively expressing AR or AR mutants, anda pCI-neo plasmid constitutively expressing the FKBP52 protein. Tocontrol for transfection efficiency, each well was transfected withabout 50 ng of a constitutive β-galactosidase expression plasmid. Atabout twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were treated with a ARspecific hormone (DHT) in an ethanol carrier (concentration of ethanolin media should not exceed about 0.01%). The cells were then lysed 10-20hours later, preferably about 16 hours after hormone addition, byaddition of M-PER (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.; 200 μl/well) and incubated atroom temperature for 15 minutes. Luciferase activity was determined byaddition of 100 μl luciferase assay reagent (Promega, Madison, Wis.) to10 μl cell lysate in an opaque 96-well plate; light emission was thenmeasured immediately in a microplate luminometer (Luminoskan Ascent,Thermo Labsystems).

β-galactosidase activity was measured by addition of 100 μl TropixGal-Screen assay reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) toabout 6 μl lysate in an opaque 96-well plate. After about 2 hours atroom temperature, plates were assayed using a microplate luminometer.After normalizing for transfection efficiency (relative lightunits/β-galactosidase activity), the data was plotted as fold inductionof luciferase activity over background activity observed in the absenceof hormone.

Example 4 Receptor-FKBP52 Co-Immunoprecipitations

In an embodiment, radiolabeled wild type receptors (AR, PR and GR) andreceptor mutants will be generated by in vitro transcription/translation(TnT Kit, Promega, Madison, Wis.) in the presence of [³⁵S]-methionine,using the plasmid pSPUTK expressing the various receptors as a template.The specific activity of labeled receptors will be determined bySDS-PAGE separation and autoradiography. Anti-FKBP52 Hi52C (10 μg) ornegative control antibody (10 μg, antibody directed against a proteinnot present in the reticulate lysate) will be bound to Protein-ASepharose (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) for about 30min. at room temperature in binding buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 50 nMNaCl). Immune resins will be washed (3×1 ml) with wash buffer (20 mMTris, pH 7.4, 50 nM NaCl, and 0.5% Tween 20) and added to 100 μl rabbitreticulocyte lysate (Green Hectares, Oreg., Wis.), supplemented withradiolabeled receptors and an ATP regenerating system (10 mMphosphocreatine plus 50 μg/ml creatine phosphokinase). The reactionswill be incubated at 30° C. for about 30 min. without addition, or inthe presence of hormone (100 nM), the Hsp90-inhibitor geldanamycin (36mM; LC Laboratories, Woburn, Mass.), or the peptidylprolyl isomeraseinhibitor FK506 (2 mM; LC Laboratories, Woburn, Mass.), all of whichshould disrupt receptor-Hsp90-FKBP complex formation. Resin complexeswill then be washed (3×1 ml) with ice-cold wash buffer, and boundproteins will be extracted into SDS sample buffer and separated bySDS-PAGE. The gels will then be stained with Coomassie blue to visualizetotal proteins, and then dried and autoradiographed to visualize theradiolabeled receptors. To control for a loss of Hsp90 binding, asopposed to receptor binding, the co-immunoprecipitations will also beperformed using an anti-Hsp90 antibody (H90-10, gift of David Toft, MayoClinic, Rochester, Minn.).

Example 5 Whole Cell Hormone Binding Assays

In an embodiment, HeLa cells exogenously expressing wild type AR or ARmutants, in addition to the various FKBP52 proteins, were grown to about75% confluence in 6-well plates. The concentrations for tritiatedhormones in these assays to produce a full saturation curve rangedbetween about 1 and 100 nM. In one embodiment, duplicate wells weretreated with the same concentration of [³H]-DHT plus a 1000-fold molarexcess of unlabeled DHT, although other AR binding hormones could beused. After about 4 hrs. at 37° C., the wells were washed 4 times withphosphate buffered saline (PBS) warmed to 37° C. The cells were thenlysed by adding 100 μl of M-PER reagent (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) androcking the plates at room temperature for 15 minutes.

An aliquot (20-50 μl) of each sample well was used for liquidscintillation counting, and the total cellular protein concentration wasdetermined (Coomassie Plus, Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) for each well. Thedata were normalized for cell number variation by dividing the counts bythe protein concentration for each well (dpm/μg of protein). Any hormonebinding observed in those wells treated with a 1000-fold molar excess ofunlabeled hormone was taken to represent non-specific binding and wassubtracted from the specific binding data.

Example 6 PSA Protein Expression

The amount of PSA protein expression levels was measured in cells fromthe prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, after treatment with eithercontrol, or about 1 to 100 μM of each of the four FTA compoundsidentified in the screen (Compounds 1-4). The protein was quantified byan immunohistochemical method using photodetection.

LNCaP cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetalbovine serum. Forty eight hours prior to the experiment, cells werewashed several times in serum-free medium and then cultured in RPMI-1640medium containing 10% charcoal-stripped fetal bovine serum (to removeendogenous androgens). After 48 hours in this medium, Compound 2 wasadded in a range of concentrations (0, 3, 10, 30, and 100 μM) for 24hours, at which time the synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R1881),(Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) was added (0.5 nM). After an additional 48hours, cells were lysed as described in Yano A., et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 105:15541-46 (2008), and PSA protein was monitored bypolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with an anti-PSAantibody (sc-80304, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

FIG. 6B shows the effect of Compound 2 on expression of PSA proteinexpression after exposure to the cells for about 48 hours. At 100 μM,mRNA expression was decreased to 20% of control levels. Thus, the datashow that decreased mRNA and protein expression of PSA is due to theeffect of the FTA compounds inhibiting the AR mediated effect, ratherthan a cellular decrease in protein expression due to some othernon-specific effect of the FTA compounds.

Example 7 PSA mRNA Quantitation

For PSA mRNA determination, cells were cultured and treated identically,except that lysis for mRNA extraction was performed 24 hours afteraddition of R1881. Total RNA was isolated using protocols and reagentscontained in the Qiagen RNeasy Kit (Valencia, Calif.). TaqMan real-timequantitative RT-PCR analysis of PSA was performed using previouslydescribed techniques Hong J A, et al., Cancer Res., 65:7763-74 (2005);Guo F, et al., Cancer Res., 65:10536-44 (2005). The amount of PSA mRNAlevel and total protein in cells from the prostate cancer cell lineLNCaP was measured after treatment with either control, or about 1 to100 μM of each of the four compounds identified in the screen (Compounds1-4). It was known that the expression of PSA mRNA in LNCaP cells isdriven by an androgen receptor mediated pathway. The mRNA is quantifiedby a photodetection method over time. FIG. 6A shows the effect ofCompound 2 on expression of PSA mRNA after exposure to the cells for 24hours. At 100 μM, mRNA expression was decreased to 40% of controllevels.

Example 8 Measurement of AR Nuclear Translocation

LNCaP cells were maintained as above. At 50% confluence, cells werewashed several times in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium, and re-cultured for48 hours in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% charcoal-stripped fetalbovine serum. At that time, compound 2 (termed 21D1C in FIG. 7) wasadded to a final concentration of about 30 μM. After an additional 24hours, R1881 was added (0.1 nM) and cells were cultured for anadditional 2 hours. At that time, cells were lysed and separated intonuclear and cytosolic fractions following published methods (Schreiber,et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:6419 (1989)). Quantification of AR innucleus and cytosol was performed by Western blotting with anAR-specific antibody following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.Appearance of AR in the nuclear fraction following treatment with R1881represents ligand-dependent nuclear translocation of AR, which issignificantly prevented by pre-treatment with compound 2 (FIG. 7).

Example 9 Scintillation Proximity Binding Assay

In order to determine whether the FTAs of the present invention werebinding to the AR binding site for DHT, as a competitive inhibitor, aligand competition assay was performed based on the methods of Féau, C.,et al., J. Biomol. Screen. 14:43-48 (2009).

All liquid handling was carried out using an automated liquid handlingsystem (Biomek FX). To each well of a 384-well Ni-chelate coatedFlashplate® (PerkinElmer) was added 50 μl of 5 μM nuclear receptorligand binding domain (NR-LBD) in assay buffer. After about a 30-60minute incubation, the protein solution was discarded (followedeventually by washes with assay buffer). About 25 μl of serially dilutedFTAs in assay buffer containing 10% DMSO were added into each wellfollowed by addition of 25 μl of a radioligand solution in assay buffer.The final assay solution contained 5% DMSO. The plates were sealed withclear tape (Millipore® tape multiscreen) and allowed to equilibrate for5 hours at room temperature, or 4° C. For the AR binding assay, [3H]-DHTwas used at a final concentration of 20 nM and the assay buffercontained 50 mM HEPES, 150 mM Li₂SO₄, 0.2 mM TCEP, 10% glycerol, 0.01%Triton X-100, pH 7.2. Radiocounts were measured using a TopCountMicroplate Scintillation and Luminescence Counter (Packard InstrumentCompany). All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 4.03 (GraphPadSoftware, San Diego, Calif.); IC50 values were obtained by fitting datato equation (Sigmoidal dose-response (variable slope)):y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10^((LogIC50−x)*Hillslope)); x is the logarithmof concentration; y is the response. Two independent experiments, intriplicates, were carried out for each compound.

The resulting sigmoid curve (FIG. 8) shows the dose dependant binding oflabeled DHT to the AR binding site. The flat curves to the right are thedifferent concentrations of FTAs, meaning that none of the FTA compoundstested competitively inhibited DHT binding.

Example 10 Fluorescence Polarization Binding Assay

A fluorescence assay was performed to determine whether the FTAs of thepresent invention bind to the same site as SRC peptide, which mimics thebinding of FKBP52, using the method of Estebanez-Perpina, E., et al.,(2007), infra.

Plates (384 wells; Costar 3710) were prepared with 4 μl of compound (5mM in DMSO) plus 80 μl of dilution buffer (20 mM Tris HCl/100 mM NaCl,pH 7.2/1 mM DTT/1 mM EDTA/0.01% Nonidet P-40/10% glycerol/10.5% DMSO) byusing a WellMate (Matrix). Five microliters from the dilution plates wastransferred to 384-well assay plates followed by 20 μl of proteinmixture (6.25 μM AR plus DHT and 0.0125 μM peptide in dilution buffer;final concentration 50 μM compound, and 4% DMSO). Fluorescencepolarization (FP) was measured after about 2 h (excitation 485 nm,emission 530 nm) on an AD plate reader (Molecular Devices). Formeasuring dose-response, compounds were diluted from 0.005 to 500 μM inDMSO into a 96-well plate (Costar 3365). About twenty microliters ofmixture was added to 1.2 μl of compounds in 384-well plates (Costar3710), yielding a final concentration of 5 nM to 500 μM, andequilibrated for 5 h before FP. Data were analyzed by using SigmaPlot8.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Ill.), and Kd values were obtained by fitting datato y minimum (maximum minimum)/1(x/Kd) Hill slope.

When SRC2-3 was tested, the FTA did not show any competition for theFKBP52 binding site (curves are flat). In FIG. 9B, total fluorescenceintensity is measured simultaneously as FP, to insure that nointerference coming from the test compound itself is occurring in theassay. The Figure shows there is no change in total fluorescencedetected for each FTA, and there is no fluorescence interference, whichconfirms that mP values of FIG. 9A are valid.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in thecontext of describing the invention (especially in the context of thefollowing claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing”are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, butnot limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of valuesherein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referringindividually to each separate value falling within the range, unlessotherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated intothe specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methodsdescribed herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwiseindicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The useof any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the inventionand does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unlessotherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construedas indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice ofthe invention.

Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention.Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Theinventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations asappropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisinvention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of inhibiting prostate cancer in amale mammal, the method comprising: administering to the mammal apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from the groupconsisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and stereoisomersthereof, wherein the composition comprises a pharmaceutically andphysiologically acceptable carrier, in an amount effective to inhibitprostate cancer cell growth in the mammal.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or moreanti-androgenic compounds and/or one or more LH-RH agonists.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the one or more anti-androgenic compound(s)is/are selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide, nilutamide,and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the5-alpha-reductase inhibitor(s) is/are selected from the group consistingof MK-906, 17-β-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-α-androstan-3-one,4-azasteroid, 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, and4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-pregnane-30(s) carboxylate.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising administering compound 1 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or stereoisomer thereof to themammal, wherein compound 1 is


6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or stereoisomer thereof.7. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or stereoisomer thereof.8. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering compound 4 ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or stereoisomer thereof tothe mammal, wherein compound 4 is


9. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition furthercomprises one or more anti-androgenic compounds.
 10. The method of claim1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or moreLH-RH agonists.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or moreanti-androgenic compound(s) is/are selected from the group consisting ofbicalutamide, nilutamide, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, wherein the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor(s) is/areselected from the group consisting of MK-906,17β-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-α-androstan-3-one,4-azasteroid, 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, and4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-pregnane-30(s) carboxylate.
 13. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one ormore anti-androgenic compounds.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein thepharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more LH-RH agonists.15. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more anti-androgeniccompound(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide,nilutamide, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
 16. The method of claim15, wherein the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor(s) is/are selected from thegroup consisting of MK-906,17-β-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-α-androstan-3-one,4-azasteroid, 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, and4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-pregnane-30(s) carboxylate.
 17. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one ormore anti-androgenic compounds.
 18. The method of claim 7, wherein thepharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more LH-RH agonists.19. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more anti-androgeniccompound(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide,nilutamide, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
 20. The method of claim19, wherein the 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor(s) is/are selected from thegroup consisting of MK-906,17-β-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-α-androstan-3-one,4-azasteroid, 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, and4-methyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5-α-pregnane-30(s) carboxylate.